EuSoCo

Avant-Projet de Reforme du Droit des Obligations (Articles 1101 A 1386 Du Code Civil) et du Droit de la Prescription (Articles 2234 à 2281 du Code Civil)

Rapport à Monsieur Pascal Clément Garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la Justice 22 Septembre 2005

1. Le bicentenaire du Code civil a connu un immense retentissement dans la plupart des pays ayant la codification en partage, quelle que fût leur langue. Il donna lieu à d’innombrables manifestations, dont émergèrent, bien qu’elles fussent de taille et d’inspirations diverses, les noms de Portalis et de Carbonnier. Le fondateur et le rénovateur avaient en commun la culture historique, une connaissance approfondie des coutumes et des traditions qui forment « l’esprit des siècles », et le sentiment qu’ « il est utile de conserver tout ce qu’il n’est pas nécessaire de détruire ». Ils n’étaient pas des faiseurs de systèmes, mais ne doutaient pas, cependant, que la loi soit, avant la jurisprudence, mère de l’ordre juridique. « La science du législateur consiste à trouver, dans chaque matière, les principes les plus favorables au bien commun ; la science du magistrat est de mettre ces principes en action, de les ramifier, de les étendre, par une application sage et raisonnée, aux hypothèses privées » (Discours préliminaire). De ces deux noms accolés s’exhalait une double certitude : que le Code de 1804 constituait toujours un modèle idéal de législation civile ; qu’il était possible de le rénover sans dégrader sa structure ni sa forme. Jean Carbonnier l’avait démontré en transfigurant le livre premier avec le bonheur que l’on sait. Mais par-delà les propos agréables qui sonnèrent aux oreilles françaises, un autre message, le plus souvent tacite, nous était adressé ; il disait : qu’attendez-vous pour continuer la modernisation de votre code ?

2. A cette tâche, et dans la perspective du grand rendez-vous de 2004, une poignée de civilistes universitaires s’étaient attelés un an plus tôt. Le déclic provint d’un colloque organisé par la faculté de Sceaux qui mettait en parallèle le droit français avec les « principes européens du droit des contrats » issus des travaux de M. Landö. Il paraissait en ressortir que si, sur certains points, notre droit était ou pouvait entrer en convergence avec la trame proposée pour l’Europe, sur d’autres points, cette dernière contrevenait davantage à notre tradition nationale. Dans la conjoncture du moment, ceci méritait à l’évidence d’être approfondi……

Click here to read ‘Code Civil – Avant-Projet de Reforme du Droit des Obligations’ (2005)

The Example of the Baltic States, Hungary and Poland – N. Reich, 2004

Instead of trying to analyse European private law under EU influence as a whole, I limit myself to the transformation of contract law because the discussion is most advanced here, and because it is an area where I can contribute most from my research and teaching. My concept of European contract law is a functional one and has been described elsewhere. I distinguish between three main functions of modern European contract law, namely: Autonomy; Regulation; Information.

I want to use this approach in analysing the transformation process of several – not all – new Member countries, namely the Baltic States, Hungary, and Poland. Under autonomy I understand the fundamental function of any contract law in a market economy like the one enshrined by the EC and EU Treaties, namely to make economic transactions by subjects of private laws (natural persons including consumers, business entities, the state acting in its “dominium” function) as secure and efficient as possible, to enforce them effectively under the rule “pacta sunt servanda”, once the conditions of a “free meeting of the minds” are met. At the same time I am convinced that even in a liberal economic and legal context, autonomy is not without borders; therefore, its inherent restrictions have to be made the subject matter of reflection, most notably by the principle of “good faith”…..

Click here to read ‘Transformation of Contract law and civil justice in new EU member countries’ (N. Reich, 2004)

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The values underlying the DCFR: what role for fairness and „social justice“? (EP, IMCO, Hesselink, Sept 2008)

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the provisions of the draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), in order to assess if the DCFR perceives contract law only as a tool for regulating private law relations between equally strong parties or if it contains elements of ’social justice‘ in favour of consumers, victims of discrimination, small and medium sized enterprises and other possibly weaker parties to contracts. After introducing the notion of social justice and its relationship to European contract law, this study explores the key social justice issues in the DCFR, their content and sources of inspiration. Finally, the last chapter draws some conclusions on the question if a balance has been struck among conflicting values and in particular between, on the one hand, individual private autonomy as expressed in the idea of freedom of contract, and on the other hand, principles of protection of weaker contracting parties responding to demands for social solidarity.

Click here to read ‘The values underlying the DCFR: what role for fairness and „social justice?’ (EP, IMCO, Hesselink, Sept 2008)

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Pacta sunt servanda und die Wege zur Anpassung des Vertrages im deutsch-französischen Rechtsverkehr.

Click here to read ‘Imprévision, Hardship und Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage’ (In German by E. Cashin-Ritaine)

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It is strange that the previous link to contract law on the Consumers part of the Commision’s website is no longer working and the documents no longer available on the SANCO website. The document from 2001 is nevertheless reproduced here in German.

Stellungnahmen Zur Mitteilung Über Das Europäische Vertragsrecht (2001)

Nach der Veröffentlichung der Mitteilung zum europäischen Vertragsrecht haben der Rat und das Europäische Parlament im November 2001 zu der Mitteilung Stellung genommen. Ferner sind bei der Kommission _ bislang _ 160 Beiträge aus interessierten Kreisen eingegangen (siehe Anlagen). Dieses Interesse der Gemeinschaftsorgane und betroffener Kreise zeigt, wie wichtig die mit der Mitteilung ausgelöste Debatte ist.

Schlüsselt man die Beiträge nach Herkunftsländern auf, so ist bemerkenswert, dass die meisten Beiträge aus Deutschland und dem Vereinigten Königreich stammen. Aus einigen Mitgliedstaaten sind gar keine oder nur wenige Beiträge eingegangen. Zahlreiche internationale Interessengruppen haben sich ebenfalls an der Anhörung beteiligt. Die meisten Beiträge kommen aus Hochschul- und Wirtschaftskreisen, doch haben sich auch viele Vertreter der Rechtspraxis beteiligt. (mehr …)

Preliminary remark: This is a paper on the many faces of social justice in private law. It intends to highlight the differences between the Member States’ concepts of social justice which now clash with a particular European concept. The aim of the paper is not meant, however, to defend national cultures and traditions per se. It aims at analysing the ongoing changes which should force us in light of the ‘intuitively felt cracks in civil society’ to rethink national patterns of social justice and maybe social justice as such. Emphasis is laid on private law.

The Member States have developed over the last century their proper model of social justice in private law. Each model is inherently linked to national culture and tradition. However, all models have in common that it is for the (social welfare) state to use the law as a means to protect the weaker party against the stronger party, the employee against the employer, the tenant against the landlord and the consumer against the supplier. Social justice is therefore bound to the idea of redistribution of wealth from the richer to the poorer part of the society. It is here where the idea of social welfare state is located. (mehr …)